Infinite sequences of justifications have been often dismissed as a somehow inadequate way to justify beliefs. That justification requires infinite sequences can be argued by an argument (A) around the following lines (from 1-3 to 4):
1. A belief is justified only if a justified belief is a reason for it.
2. There are justified beliefs.
3. The proper ancestral of the reason-relation is irreflexive.
4. There is an infinite sequence of justified beliefs each of which is a reason for its predecessor.
Attempts to resist 4 (and A) are motivated by taking 4 to be unacceptable. The argument can then be countered by some variety of foundationalism (rejecting 1), some variety of coherentism (rejecting 3) or some variety of skepticism (rejecting 2).
Recently, infinitism has been regarded with more sympathetic eyes (Black 1996, 2003, Klein 1999). The groudwork done has been to establish that the most frequent criticisms to the idea of a justifying infinite sequence are not compelling. (For example, that we cannot have an infinite number of justified beliefs or that our mind cannot hold infinite sequences.) This shows that the dismissal of infinte sequences of justifications has been too hasty. To complete the job of rendering 4 more plausible, one may think that an example of a reasonable infinite sequence of justification has to be given. Now, here is an example of what I take to be an acceptable (and in fact of the sort that is quite present in everyday life) infinite sequence of justifications:
S justifiedly believes that 'x is red' because
S justifiedly believes she knows what is red because
S justifiedly believes she knows what is a knower of what is red because
S justifiedly believes she knows what is a knower of a knower of what is red because
…
Or, put in other, perhaps more easily readable way:
S justifiedly believes that ‘x is red’ because
S is a good (or reliable) detector of red because
S is a good (or reliable) detector of good (or reliable) detectors of red because
S is a good (or reliable) detector of good (or reliable) detectors of good (or reliable) detectors of red because
…
Each belief in the sequence is justified by the next one and yet every belief has to be present if S is to justifiedly belief that 'x is red'. The justiifcation of one belief requires the justification of all the beliefs in the sequence. If this is an infinite sequence of justifications invoked to justify an observational report, it is reasonable to consider that we make use of infinite sequences of justifications all the time and that most cases of justification seem to invoke an infinite regress. Infinite sequences of justifications seem to be not only possible but abundant.
Infinite sequences of justfications like the one above bear resemblence to what is a commonplace about truth that, in its turn, is related to what Tarski called the material condition for adequacy in a theory of truth. It is generally accepted that
if x is red then
‘x is red’ is true then
‘ ‘x is red’ is true’ is true then
‘ ‘ ‘x is red’ is true’ is true’ is true then
…
Maintaining something (or that something is true) is often thought of as maintaining an infinite set of claims. The example of infinite sequence of justifications above can be visible from this commonplace about truth if we consider what we do when we establish that something is true. We can say that we do so by establishing the truth of an infinite sequence of claims:
S establishes that x is red by
establishing that ‘x is red’ is true and she does that by
establishing that ‘ ‘x is red’ is true’ is true and she does that by
establishing that ‘ ‘ ‘x is red’ is true’ is true’ is true and she does that by
…
My example of an infinite sequence of justification is readily presentable in a recursive manner. I believe this is a good candidate necessary condition for adequate infinite sequences. Klein (1999) considers the objection that there is an element of arbitrariness in infinitism as we can place any claim in an infinite chain of justifications. This can be countered by saying that not all infinite sequences of justifications are adequate justifiers of a claim: only some infinite sequences of justifications are adequate. The next step is to present necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence to be adequate––which is, of course, an enormous and maybe impossible task that would possibly amount to solve all the epistemological questions at once. I cannot present those conditions but I conjecture that a good necessary condition for an infinite sequence to be adequate is that it is presentable in a recursive manner.
Recursively expressible infinite sequences of justifications can help us deal with the old objection to infinitism that takes infinite sequences to be infinite deferral of justification––justification is never presented, it is at best only promised. Presented in a recursive manner, the infinite sequence is all there and the justification is in front of is––infinte sequences of justification are understood as actual (Cantorian) infinute sequences. The justification is therefore provided by the sequence and nothing is left for an infinite deferral; if all the justification needed for the belief is in the infinite sequence, one needs no infinite time or infinite number of steps to attain it. Justification, then, is not provisional but rather complete. Recursive infinite sequences, however, can be more complex and can involve more interesting (or at least more surprising) justifications but they have the advantage of coming to view in a finite number of steps; namely the recursive clauses.
A Note on Internalism
It is reasonable to assume that we often infer using infinite sets of premises. Consider what is often said about the famous (Carrollian) infinite regress requirement for Modus Ponens:
Premise 1. If p then q
Premise 2. p
Premise 3. If 1 and 2 then q
Premise 4. If 1, 2 and 3 then q
etc.
Conclusion. q
We claim that a conclusion can be drawn from 1 and 2 only because we take the meaning of the words––the connectives––to be established somewhere else and not in the argument. The meaning of these words constitute what makes the rule of inference an effective constraint on what we think. This constraint is often thought as coming from an external source––external to the argument itself. This appeal to external sources for constraint is made unnecessary if we assume that Modus Ponens, for instance, involves an infinite set of premises.
The analogy I want to draw is that, in a similar way, an infinite sequence of justification provide all justification needed and could satisfy all the (epistemological) internalist cravings for reasons. There is nothing that is not available to the thinker in the process of justification––everything is there, open to her view and scrutinizable in the form of the recursive clauses. There is, therefore, no need to appeal to true reliable reporters, to truths about the world or to whatever could capture the (epistemological) externalist fancy. Infinitism can prove to be the ultimate resource for an internalist epistemology.
References:
Black, O. (1996) Infinite Regress Arguments and Infinite Regresses, Acta Analytica 16/17, 95-124.
Black, O. (2003) Infinite Regresses, Infinite Beliefs, Proceedings of the 26th International Wittgenstein Symposium, 40-41.
Klein, P. (1999) Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons, Philosophical Perspectives, 13, 297-325.
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